In addition, the reduced voltage levels at the input terminals mean that these converters operate with a high input current, which increases the switching and the conduction losses, and reduces the system efficiency. Thus, to inject/drain energy to/from the utility grid a dc bus voltage of around 200 or 400 V, respectively, is needed. It is well known that a conventional utility grid operates with voltage levels from 110 to 230 V (RMS). Therefore, it is common to use a high-gain dc–dc converter to allow either connection to the utility grid or even an isolated application powering a conventional load. Many of these sources operate with low voltage levels, i.e. The diversification of the global energy matrix has been growing with the increasing inclusion of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, tidal, geothermal and compressed air. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution.IET Electrical Systems in Transportation.IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications.IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing.CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology.
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